Brave New Brain

AP PsychologyName Chp 2 Neuroscience Questions for Brave New Brain, Chapter 4 by Nancy C. Andreasen Read this packet c atomic number 18fully & completely. The reading is very persistent, complex & detailed. Consider it a primer reading to help you read the maven. As you read feel free to highlight or underline the actual text as needed. These study questions are to help you appoint in on what is important. Be sure to answer each question fully and completely. I expect you to TYPE the answers. You whitethorn find it easier to save a copy from my webpage and fill in the questions as you go instead of retyping the questions.Due to the length of this assignment it will count as a test grade. (HINT Questions go in order) 1. What are the three (3) types of whizz tissue? Gray matter, white matter, and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 2. List the 2 (2) neurodegenerative disorders that destroy booth bodies. Alzheimers and Parkinsons 3. What does the cell body do for the neuron? Performs raw material command functions 4. Why does rational cortex mean bark of the point? The brass instrument cell bodies are highly concentrated on the surface of the brain, causing it to look like tree bark 5.What does subcortical literally mean? beneath the cortex 6. Name the two (2) demyelinating diseases listed in the text. What do these types of diseases do? Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) both harm the white matter of the brain and cut the ties that allow the neurons to communicate with one another 7. What are ventricles? Parts inside the brain that carry CSF 8. Name two of the three important functions that CSF carries out. lay off nutrients and byproducts of brain activity to help the brain Replace issing brain tissue 9. What are gyri and sulci? Why do we have them? Draw a diagram to relieve. Ridges and dips that privacy the surface of the human brain in order for the brain to have enough neurons and stay at a healthy size, because the brain h as to do adjusting and when it does, it creates the gyri and sulci 10. How does the brain grow? List and explain in detail each of the seven (7) steps in Tcapable 4-1 on page 45 neuron formation, neuron migration, proliferation of dendrites and spines, synaptogenesis, myelination, dress, and apoptosis.You may have to read into the text to explain in detail. Neuron formation happens a few months after fetus conception, and when DNA begins to send instruction manual to cells telling them to differentiate into nerve cells and some to change into liver or heart cells. After a sufficient number of nerve cells accumulate, the neurons then move into on a journey kn let as neuron migration. Pathfinder cells called glia guide the neurons to a new territory where they will create the cerebral cortex and the various subcortical gray matter separate of the brain.After the brain divides into two sides and the cells organize themselves according to the role that they will play in the activitie s of the brain, dendrites and spines are formed (when each neuron sprouts dendrites that extend themselves by sprouting spines). Synapses are communication points that allow many cells to communicate with each other at the aforesaid(prenominal) time and mature and change in a process called synaptogenesis. Myelination occurs when axons are covered and insulated by fat layers, which increase the information speed between neurons.Lastly, pruning and apoptosis must occur to create a balance of connections within the brain because of the excess number of unnecessary cells and connections in the brain. Pruning trims the back gigantism of dendrites and spines, and apoptosis removes the excess in a process known as programmed cell death. 11. What role does DNA play in neural development? It provides basic instructions in neural development with a concept called brain plasticity 12. Explain the following in your own words neurons that wire together, rout out together. Nerve cells that ar e built together and are stimulated at the same time will produce the same reaction 13. What is LTP or long term potentiation? What major neurotransmitter facilitates LTP? LTP is when the size of a neural response increases after stimulation, and is facilitated by Glutamate 14. What does the hippocampus do? One of the major memory regions of the brain and stores memories is the nucleotide for much LTP activity with Glutamate 15. What did Hubel & Wiesel win the Nobel Prize for? Specifically explain their experiment on vision & critical periods. Their discoveries about the brain by conducting an experiment involving practical application the eye of a very young animal and observing cell alignment and how it impacted the function of the good eye and pitiful eye. Later, they uncovered the bad eye and determined that it was too late for it to develop like the good eye. 16. What is a critical period (relate this term to more(prenominal) than vision)? When an area of the brain (vision, touch, or speaking) develop fully. For some parts, timing is crucial and proper development will be lost if stimulation doesnt occur at the correct time. 17.In your own words explain the following quote on page 49 Sometimes single powerful aims affect our brains for life. It doesnt take something crazy to commute the brain. If the experience is strong, a sole experience groundwork produce a lasting impact. 18. In your own words explain the following quote on page 50 There is a false polarity between physical and psychological People think that treatments for depression or anxiety bespeak physical biological treatment, entirely sometimes non-biological methods can produce the same or stronger results. 19. What is agenesis?How is it caused? Explain fully An abnormality of the fetal brain caused by alcohol exposure nerve cells in the two hemispheres fail to send axons between each other and communicate. 20. What are some social consequences of LTP and human experience mentione d on page 51. Over exposure to TV or violence when young can cause children to develop a passive learning sort or become insensitive to violence and/or pain. 21. Write down the Latin or Greek meaning and the function for the following cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus, subcortical, amygdala, neocortex, hypothalamus & corpus callosum. Cerebellum tiny brain coordinates movement, thinking, and emotion Thalamus marriage bed filter or central switchboard of the brain Hippocampus seahorse memory Subcortical below the bark any gray matter region that lies below the cortex of the brain Amygdala almond emotional memory Neocortex new bark more highly evolved cortical area Hypothalamus under the bed modulation of appetites and drives Corpus Callosum firm body axon tracks connecting two hemispheres of the brain 22. What is the motor strip in charge of? Where is it located?What is the motor homunculus? Who found it? In charge of movement throughout the body located in frontal lobe. Motor Humun culus is a pattern that connects sense of touch to movement in our bodies and it was mapped out by Wilder Penfield. 23. List and explain what each of the four (4) lobes of the cerebral cortex do. frontage Lobes planning, deciding, remembering, and making moral judgements Temporal Lobes language and some parts of memory Parietal Lobes sensory and visuospatial associations Occipital Lobes contain regions used for visual perception 24.What do they mean by the mind on page 56? Mental activities such as remembering and communicating (rather than the scientific aspects of the brain) 25. Compare and contrast the two (2) general methods of brain research on page 57. Lesion method Provides information about the brain by showing what the brain was no longer able to do after having a particular section taken away Functional Imaging Techniques permit scientists to directly visualize which parts of the healthy brain are used to perform specific functions Contrast Lesion method exploited acciden ts and strange natural occurrences 26.Define aphasia and then explain the two (2) different types. What happens if your angular whirl is damaged? Aphasia is called the loss of language (failure to associate meaning to sound waves). Types Wernickes (individual loses ability to speak coherently because the ability to comprehend the language is lost) and Brocas (individual knows whats being said but cant express himself). If the angular swirl is damaged the ability to read and write will be diminished, but the ability to understand wont be. 27.Explain what Karl Lashley was expression for. What happened to H. M. as a result of his surgery? What do the amygdala and hippocampus do? He was looking for proof that no specific lesion could produce deficits in memory H. M was completely voided of the ability to remember any new information. The amygdala and hippocampus negotiate some learning/memory and work together to send and store memories. 28. What brain structure acts as an attention filter? The Thalamus 29. What does the prefrontal system (cortex) do?What is a prefrontal syndrome? Historical cases? It mediates executive functions (abstract thought, creative problem solving, and behavior). A prefrontal syndrome is a lesion in the orbital region of the prefrontal cortex. A diachronic case is when Phineas Gage got an iron bar through his left frontal lobe and exhibited drastic personality and developmental differences/changes. 30. What does the cerebellum do? Coordinates movement, thinking, and emotion 31. What is the limbic system in charge of?What four (4) major parts make up this system? Feeling and monitoring emotions with basic survival drives cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala, mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus 32. Briefly explain how a neurotransmitter works (not action potential). Draw me a sketch. Small molecule or chemical that transmits nerve signals from one neuron to another 33. The last parts are wordy. List and summarize all of the fun ctions of the following chemicals dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate. Dopamine first product synthesized from the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase close chemical relationship with norepinephrine and epinephrine key neurotransmitter in the brain and plays role in Parkinsons and schizophrenia Norepinephrine sends projections throughout the whole brain affects almost every region in the brain, and plays a large part in mood disorders Serotonin near midbrain, similar to norepinephrine and plays important roles in antidepressant medications Acetylcholine in the nucleus basalis of Meyner and protects the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus memory encoder GABA amino window pane neurotransmitter inhibitory role in the brain relatively long tract characterizes Huntingtons disease Glutamate amino acid neurotransmitter excitatory role can be harmful if presented in large amounts (produce excessive neuronal excitation) produce signs of psychosis 34. Finally, in your own words tell me why the whole brain is greater than the sum of its parts? In order for the brain to function, all parts must work together, which means that no part can be completely dysfunctional (although brain plasticity can to some degree balance and make up for the disfunction).