Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

REVIEW1.Discuss the novel as a psychological journey. Discuss how enthalpy Changes throughout the novel. What causes him to change? Henry Fleming is a young solider fighting for the union army during the civil war. Throughout the war Henry ventures on a long psychological journey to see to it himself. Often referred to as the youth Henry comes into battle with the nave fantasies of being a war hero with out ever having faced a exclusive battle, making him extremely self centered and vein. His likings to be heroic are far from noble but are based solely on the desire to be accepted and admired by men. He is motivated only by the idea of being immortalized among men and really holds no sense of effective and wrong. legion(predicate) times he justifies his coward ness by saying that the other men are not wise enough to save themselves from the flurry of death. And in some way restores his own self pride. He convinces himself every time that his lies are truth. But mid way through the novel Henry finally faces battle and the twist point of the novel occurs, because Henry fights, he no longer cares about himself but is deviate of the bigger picture he is a vital part of the fighting machine. As Henry forgets about the immature fantasies of a reputation he begins to earn one and quite a good one. Many of the officers are pull down offering their compliments and praise. Henrys character comes full circle when he let go of his earlier mistakes and abandons the hope of a great heroism and trades it all for the more gratifying understanding of what it is to be a man. 2.Discuss the religious imagery in the novel. How does Cranes land influence his opinon What point is he making? The is tons of religious imagery. The most obvious is Jim being portrayed as Jesus Christ his initials are even JC and in his death he even depicts him with the piercing on his side and his blood covered hands. Crane was probably most influenced by his father who was a Methodist minister . 3.How is the novel an example of Realism? Give specific ezamples that show the novel as a real novel. What descriptions of battle make the novel realistic? By definition realism is, understanding of nature of real life a practical understanding and acceptance of the actual nature of the world, rather than an see or romantic view of it.

Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay -- Biology Essays Res

Understanding Generalized Anxiety DisorderAnxiety is a commonality occurrence and emotion in everyday life. Yet there be several individuals today who suffer from great pangs of anxiety and feelings of panic at much(prenominal) extremely high levels that it becomes quite debilitating. A normal, everyday environment can become so overwhelming that the day itself can stop dead in its tracks while the sufferer rides through the wave of intense emotions and thoughts which seem to be going a million miles a minute and showing no signs of fish filet or slowing down. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of a multitude of Anxiety Disorders that affect many people around the world. An individual harm from GAD differs from anyone else dealing with natural anxiety due to the chronic and exaggerated worrying that can occur on a daily basis. The worries and anxieties usually are not provoked by anything, and finding the source of the worries is usually quite difficult. They are associat ed with daily things, such as but not limited to, health, money, family, or work. People with GAD cannot alleviate their concerns and usually become so overwhelmed by the anxiety that getting through the day and doing their usual activities proves too difficult.(1) As a disorder, GAD is diagnosable. However, it is usually a difficult thing to do since GAD, unlike many of the other Anxiety Disorders out there, does not have any definite symptoms like a panic attack. Individuals are diagnosed with GAD when they spend at least six months worrying excessively about a crook of everyday problems and the worrying happens more often than not. Other symptoms of GAD may include Trouble falling or staying asleep, muscle tension, sweating, nausea, gastrointestinal... ...and problems that can go on with the brain show how delicate a humans mentality and stability is, and how vulnerable it seems to be to the rapidly changing times and developments of society. It seems to be the nature of the b rain and mentality to be slow in adjusting to the various new outputs that are created as society and the world progresses. Will science be able to find a way to make the brain adjust and accept change more quickly? This can be seen as a task similar to do evolution as fast as the first worlds rate of development. References1)http//www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/anxiety/gad/gadinfo.htm 2)http//www.adaa.org/AnxietyDisorderInfor/GAD.cfm 3)http//www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/anxiety/gad/gadfax.htm 4)http//psychcentral.com/disorders/sx24t.htm 5)http//www.buspar.com/whatis.htm 6)http//www.anxietynetwork.com/gawhat.html

Shattered Essay -- Poetry

The mirror is cracked but non shattered. Fragments of glass reflect pieces of her. Lily-white skin. Primped, hanging curls the color of corn. A button nose. cherry red ribbon lips. Opaque forget-me- non blue eyes. The dark pupils dilate and swivel, dilate and swivel, but her eyes are sightless. She sees, but she does not.The mirror is cracked but not shattered. She sees her face separately in each shard of glass. Some small, some large. A multitude of reflections, each nonpareil a clone of the other, each one a doppelganger, a twin. Never alone. Each reflection with an identical companion. Symmetry is beautiful. She aches. The mirror is cracked but not shattered.Her fingers graze the mirror. The pads of her fingertips tingle at the shade of each cracks raised edge. A mirror a symbol of frailty and a symbol of immense power. Reflective ice. What lurks beneath the translucent, razor-thin get hold of a mirror? Her fingers reach for the reflections before her.The mirror is cracked bu t not shattered.The curtains unveiled her. Pretty as a doll. Silent as a mannequin. Lifeless as a marionette with no one pulling her strings. Beneath the spotlights glare, a reflection clearer than in a cracked-but-not-shattered mirror. The delineate glued to her lips, the blush caked on her face, the bright red circles painted upon her cheeks. A freakish sight fit for the gypsies circus. Silence. Or laughter. Silent laughter.The fat tears hustle down, leaving clean tracks in the thick makeup. The mirror is cracked but not shattered. Prone to melancholy, she muses. To be cracked like the mirror but not shattered. All the pieces together, but not completely complete. Complete completeness terrified her.Her own eyes see clearly, t... ... So much frightens her. Irresistible completeness strikes both awe and scourge in her. Her tiny hands ball into fists, the fingers like claws, like stilettos. Her porcelain whets into a blade. An inexorable desire rising, groaning like a glutton wi thin her disgustingly undefiled shell. The mirror is cracked but not shattered.With her white flawless claw, she smashes the cracked mirror. It shrieks one final time as its fragile fragments shatter and cascade to the indigent floor. Fluorescent lights glare callously at her triumph below. A moments pause, as the silence embraces the passing of the mirrors long life. The damp air suckles eagerly from the mirrors relinquished memory of reflections. Beneath her lie the pieces, abandoned and unwanted like broken teeth, no longer diverge of an incompletely complete work of wonderment.The mirror is shattered.

The Satire of Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

The Satire of Animal Farm   Orwells book, Animal Farm, is full of satire. This satire is Orwells bureau of communicating problems and resolutions. The main message in Animal Farm is that power cannot be divided lively. There will never be equality for all. at once power is obtained it is always abused, and power causes all to think as the draw does. Equality does not exist, for it is impossible for everyone to be equal.   There will always be a loss leader and there will always be followers, and they will never be equal. A society in which all are equal will never exist because people will have different opinions on the way that the society should be run. This arrangement would have worked well decent if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible.   Snowball and Napoleon are battling for control of the farm, they both want to be the leader because they know that the leader ha s the most privileges. The animals that are in charge, the pigs, do less work than the other animals. All that year the animals worked like slaves. The title of leader is highly sought after, because the leader tells everyone what to do without actually having to work. The pigs not only do less work but they receive more food. Once once more all the rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. The fact that the pigs receive more food than the other harder working animals, shows that the farm is full of inequality. This type of governing is wrong, and Orwell wants it to stop. Less power should be given to the leader, so that the leader and his followers can be more equal. Once a group or an individual obtains power, it is impossible to manage it correctly.   The leader will always take advantage of his power. Power causes the leader to make decisions, that will only better himself. ... Boxer was being sent to the knackers. The pigs killed an animal vertical so t hat they could make some money. The power led them to this decision, they could kill Boxer, make some money, and no one would ever find out. Everyone has heard about the well-situated rule whoever has the gold makes the rules. This applies to

Catapult :: essays research papers

The RatapultObjective My objective in this project was to produce a rat- confine powered catapult. It has a base of 30 cm by 30 cm, and has a theme of cows trying to lead the farm. The reason they want to escape is because they are being killed and turned into steaks, against there will. That is why I developed this ratapult, to save the cows. The cows also wanted me to ask you to eat more chicken.theory and DrawingI hypothesize that if I build the ratapult to a 25-degree angle, and release the hacky sack at a height of .55m thence there will be enough velocity to project the hacky sack exactly four meters. The ratapult will release the hacky sack with an sign velocity of 5.8 m/s, and as a event the hacky sack will travel 4.0 meters in .75 seconds.ProcedureThe first step I took was to paint all of the wood white. After that I put paper on the board that I am going to nail the rat trap to. I then attached the measuring cup to the rat trap by drilling a hole in the middle of the me asuring cup and then using string to attach the cup at some(prenominal) the drilled hole, and the hole at the bottom. Then I nailed the rat trap into the board with wallpaper. That board was then nailed into the base. Then I attached the steps to the draw crate. The steps will hold the base of the ratapult at a 25-degree angle. I attached the steps by drilling holes in the bottom of them and then secure them to the milk crate. Then I nailed the board with wallpaper into the back end of the base. The base was then nailed into the steps, and glued grass decorations and cardboard cows to the base. The ratapult was completed. info & ObservationsI found the initial velocity, or Vi, by finding the horizontal velocity, or Vx, and then using the equation Vx = Vi * cos(angle). The angle was 25 degrees, so I input that into the equation also. That made the equation look like5.3 m/s = Vi * cos(25)I divided both sides by sin(25), then that gave me an initial velocity of 5.8 m/s. Then I decid ed to find the Vertical height of the hacky sack, so I used the equation Vy = Vi * sin(angle). Vy stands for initial vertical velocity.

Catapult :: essays research papers

The RatapultObjective My objective in this project was to produce a rat-trap powered catapult. It has a base of 30 cm by 30 cm, and has a theme of cows trying to escape the farm. The reason they want to escape is because they are creation killed and turned into steaks, against there allow for. That is why I developed this ratapult, to save the cows. The cows also wanted me to ask you to eat more chicken.Hypothesis and DrawingI hypothesize that if I build the ratapult to a 25-degree angle, and release the hacky sack at a height of .55m then there get out be enough focal ratio to project the hacky sack exactly four meters. The ratapult will release the hacky sack with an initial f number of 5.8 m/s, and as a result the hacky sack will travel 4.0 meters in .75 seconds.ProcedureThe first step I took was to paint all of the wood white. After that I put wallpaper on the gameboard that I am going to nail the rat trap to. I then attached the measuring cup to the rat trap by drilling a great deal in the middle of the measuring cup and then using string to attach the cup at both the drilled hole, and the hole at the bottom. thusly I nailed the rat trap into the board with wallpaper. That board was then nailed into the base. Then I attached the steps to the milk crate. The steps will hold the base of the ratapult at a 25-degree angle. I attached the steps by drilling holes in the bottom of them and then tying them to the milk crate. Then I nailed the board with wallpaper into the back end of the base. The base was then nailed into the steps, and glued grass decorations and cardboard cows to the base. The ratapult was completed.Data & ObservationsI undercoat the initial velocity, or Vi, by finding the horizontal velocity, or Vx, and then using the equation Vx = Vi * cos(angle). The angle was 25 degrees, so I stimulant that into the equation also. That made the equation look like5.3 m/s = Vi * cos(25)I divided both sides by sin(25), then that gave me an initial velocity of 5.8 m/s. Then I decided to find the Vertical height of the hacky sack, so I used the equation Vy = Vi * sin(angle). Vy stands for initial vertical velocity.

Brave New Brain

AP PsychologyName Chp 2 Neuroscience Questions for Brave New Brain, Chapter 4 by Nancy C. Andreasen Read this packet c atomic number 18fully & completely. The reading is very persistent, complex & detailed. Consider it a primer reading to help you read the maven. As you read feel free to highlight or underline the actual text as needed. These study questions are to help you appoint in on what is important. Be sure to answer each question fully and completely. I expect you to TYPE the answers. You whitethorn find it easier to save a copy from my webpage and fill in the questions as you go instead of retyping the questions.Due to the length of this assignment it will count as a test grade. (HINT Questions go in order) 1. What are the three (3) types of whizz tissue? Gray matter, white matter, and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 2. List the 2 (2) neurodegenerative disorders that destroy booth bodies. Alzheimers and Parkinsons 3. What does the cell body do for the neuron? Performs raw material command functions 4. Why does rational cortex mean bark of the point? The brass instrument cell bodies are highly concentrated on the surface of the brain, causing it to look like tree bark 5.What does subcortical literally mean? beneath the cortex 6. Name the two (2) demyelinating diseases listed in the text. What do these types of diseases do? Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) both harm the white matter of the brain and cut the ties that allow the neurons to communicate with one another 7. What are ventricles? Parts inside the brain that carry CSF 8. Name two of the three important functions that CSF carries out. lay off nutrients and byproducts of brain activity to help the brain Replace issing brain tissue 9. What are gyri and sulci? Why do we have them? Draw a diagram to relieve. Ridges and dips that privacy the surface of the human brain in order for the brain to have enough neurons and stay at a healthy size, because the brain h as to do adjusting and when it does, it creates the gyri and sulci 10. How does the brain grow? List and explain in detail each of the seven (7) steps in Tcapable 4-1 on page 45 neuron formation, neuron migration, proliferation of dendrites and spines, synaptogenesis, myelination, dress, and apoptosis.You may have to read into the text to explain in detail. Neuron formation happens a few months after fetus conception, and when DNA begins to send instruction manual to cells telling them to differentiate into nerve cells and some to change into liver or heart cells. After a sufficient number of nerve cells accumulate, the neurons then move into on a journey kn let as neuron migration. Pathfinder cells called glia guide the neurons to a new territory where they will create the cerebral cortex and the various subcortical gray matter separate of the brain.After the brain divides into two sides and the cells organize themselves according to the role that they will play in the activitie s of the brain, dendrites and spines are formed (when each neuron sprouts dendrites that extend themselves by sprouting spines). Synapses are communication points that allow many cells to communicate with each other at the aforesaid(prenominal) time and mature and change in a process called synaptogenesis. Myelination occurs when axons are covered and insulated by fat layers, which increase the information speed between neurons.Lastly, pruning and apoptosis must occur to create a balance of connections within the brain because of the excess number of unnecessary cells and connections in the brain. Pruning trims the back gigantism of dendrites and spines, and apoptosis removes the excess in a process known as programmed cell death. 11. What role does DNA play in neural development? It provides basic instructions in neural development with a concept called brain plasticity 12. Explain the following in your own words neurons that wire together, rout out together. Nerve cells that ar e built together and are stimulated at the same time will produce the same reaction 13. What is LTP or long term potentiation? What major neurotransmitter facilitates LTP? LTP is when the size of a neural response increases after stimulation, and is facilitated by Glutamate 14. What does the hippocampus do? One of the major memory regions of the brain and stores memories is the nucleotide for much LTP activity with Glutamate 15. What did Hubel & Wiesel win the Nobel Prize for? Specifically explain their experiment on vision & critical periods. Their discoveries about the brain by conducting an experiment involving practical application the eye of a very young animal and observing cell alignment and how it impacted the function of the good eye and pitiful eye. Later, they uncovered the bad eye and determined that it was too late for it to develop like the good eye. 16. What is a critical period (relate this term to more(prenominal) than vision)? When an area of the brain (vision, touch, or speaking) develop fully. For some parts, timing is crucial and proper development will be lost if stimulation doesnt occur at the correct time. 17.In your own words explain the following quote on page 49 Sometimes single powerful aims affect our brains for life. It doesnt take something crazy to commute the brain. If the experience is strong, a sole experience groundwork produce a lasting impact. 18. In your own words explain the following quote on page 50 There is a false polarity between physical and psychological People think that treatments for depression or anxiety bespeak physical biological treatment, entirely sometimes non-biological methods can produce the same or stronger results. 19. What is agenesis?How is it caused? Explain fully An abnormality of the fetal brain caused by alcohol exposure nerve cells in the two hemispheres fail to send axons between each other and communicate. 20. What are some social consequences of LTP and human experience mentione d on page 51. Over exposure to TV or violence when young can cause children to develop a passive learning sort or become insensitive to violence and/or pain. 21. Write down the Latin or Greek meaning and the function for the following cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus, subcortical, amygdala, neocortex, hypothalamus & corpus callosum. Cerebellum tiny brain coordinates movement, thinking, and emotion Thalamus marriage bed filter or central switchboard of the brain Hippocampus seahorse memory Subcortical below the bark any gray matter region that lies below the cortex of the brain Amygdala almond emotional memory Neocortex new bark more highly evolved cortical area Hypothalamus under the bed modulation of appetites and drives Corpus Callosum firm body axon tracks connecting two hemispheres of the brain 22. What is the motor strip in charge of? Where is it located?What is the motor homunculus? Who found it? In charge of movement throughout the body located in frontal lobe. Motor Humun culus is a pattern that connects sense of touch to movement in our bodies and it was mapped out by Wilder Penfield. 23. List and explain what each of the four (4) lobes of the cerebral cortex do. frontage Lobes planning, deciding, remembering, and making moral judgements Temporal Lobes language and some parts of memory Parietal Lobes sensory and visuospatial associations Occipital Lobes contain regions used for visual perception 24.What do they mean by the mind on page 56? Mental activities such as remembering and communicating (rather than the scientific aspects of the brain) 25. Compare and contrast the two (2) general methods of brain research on page 57. Lesion method Provides information about the brain by showing what the brain was no longer able to do after having a particular section taken away Functional Imaging Techniques permit scientists to directly visualize which parts of the healthy brain are used to perform specific functions Contrast Lesion method exploited acciden ts and strange natural occurrences 26.Define aphasia and then explain the two (2) different types. What happens if your angular whirl is damaged? Aphasia is called the loss of language (failure to associate meaning to sound waves). Types Wernickes (individual loses ability to speak coherently because the ability to comprehend the language is lost) and Brocas (individual knows whats being said but cant express himself). If the angular swirl is damaged the ability to read and write will be diminished, but the ability to understand wont be. 27.Explain what Karl Lashley was expression for. What happened to H. M. as a result of his surgery? What do the amygdala and hippocampus do? He was looking for proof that no specific lesion could produce deficits in memory H. M was completely voided of the ability to remember any new information. The amygdala and hippocampus negotiate some learning/memory and work together to send and store memories. 28. What brain structure acts as an attention filter? The Thalamus 29. What does the prefrontal system (cortex) do?What is a prefrontal syndrome? Historical cases? It mediates executive functions (abstract thought, creative problem solving, and behavior). A prefrontal syndrome is a lesion in the orbital region of the prefrontal cortex. A diachronic case is when Phineas Gage got an iron bar through his left frontal lobe and exhibited drastic personality and developmental differences/changes. 30. What does the cerebellum do? Coordinates movement, thinking, and emotion 31. What is the limbic system in charge of?What four (4) major parts make up this system? Feeling and monitoring emotions with basic survival drives cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala, mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus 32. Briefly explain how a neurotransmitter works (not action potential). Draw me a sketch. Small molecule or chemical that transmits nerve signals from one neuron to another 33. The last parts are wordy. List and summarize all of the fun ctions of the following chemicals dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate. Dopamine first product synthesized from the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase close chemical relationship with norepinephrine and epinephrine key neurotransmitter in the brain and plays role in Parkinsons and schizophrenia Norepinephrine sends projections throughout the whole brain affects almost every region in the brain, and plays a large part in mood disorders Serotonin near midbrain, similar to norepinephrine and plays important roles in antidepressant medications Acetylcholine in the nucleus basalis of Meyner and protects the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus memory encoder GABA amino window pane neurotransmitter inhibitory role in the brain relatively long tract characterizes Huntingtons disease Glutamate amino acid neurotransmitter excitatory role can be harmful if presented in large amounts (produce excessive neuronal excitation) produce signs of psychosis 34. Finally, in your own words tell me why the whole brain is greater than the sum of its parts? In order for the brain to function, all parts must work together, which means that no part can be completely dysfunctional (although brain plasticity can to some degree balance and make up for the disfunction).

Lago in Act 1 Scenes

Thus, by carrying out the role as a villain, he higher(prenominal)lights the animalistic traits evident at bottom people of the Venetian society. Although Iago is a white man who h elderlys a fairly high status deep down Venetian society, he is crude and uncouth, often imprecation and making references to the devil.By using he imagery of being plagueed with flies, he makes reference to the devil, which is extremely inappropriate for a man held win such high regard. Furthermore, through this example, he associates himself with darkness and evil despite being a white man-who are supposedly considered pure and heathen. Also, by using the symbolism of an old black ram, he again associates himself with darkness and the devil. The old black ram symbolises the devil, which has the connotations of being evil, dark, and terrible.Hence, making the distinction between light and darkness nclear and confusing, deliverance to light the idea that darkness might be evident in light, and vice v ersa. Because Othello has defied his position in society as a black man by proving himself through his talents and his honourable actions, he is gloss over discriminated by Iago, who voices out his disdain for him openly. He uses the symbolism of a Barbary horse to represent Othello.This is extremely take down to Othello, a man of royal lineage who has carried himself off with only the utmost integrity and honour. This shows hat although he has many merits and is regal in his actions and demeanour, he is still associated with the stereotype that all blacks are barbarians. Furthermore, the sibilance within the gross clasps ofa lascivious Moor highlights the sinister and libidinous traits that Blacks are stereotypically known to possess.This forms a disgusting impression of Othello, by simply Judging him according to his skin colour. Thus, through lagds characterisation of Othello through his ethnicity, he forms a racist impression of Othello and thus, is able to highlight the signi ficance of ones thnicity and how difficult, if not impossible, this boundary is to surpass. By agitating Brabantio, Iago makes a fool of the high ranking senator, and this brings forth the idea that people in position of power might not be worthy of it.The support lines evident between Sir, sir, sir- and But thou must need to be sure shows how little Brabantio thinks of using his spirit and his surface to punish Iago and Roderigo. This emphasizes the fact that people of power can carelessly make use of it to their own benefit. In Brabantios case, he threatens to punish them as they have overturned his rest.The triviality of their offence is mismatched with the threat that Brabantio has faced them with, showing that he has taken advantage of his power and thus, might not be worthy of it. Also, the run-on lines evident between For thus does not think before acting. This is not appropriate for someone holding such a high position as he is expected to give thought before carrying out his actions, or the resultant effect of his carelessness might have great impact on society.Hence, Iago shows the inadequacy of Brabantio and through this, questions the significance of peoples merits when being placed in power. Thus, through his mischief, Iago incites people to display their raw, animalistic traits, and displays his own as well. This results in the surfacing of problems within Venetian society that eventually accumulates to result in various tragedies. Hence, Iago is significant in masterminding the eventual tragedy, and the beginnings of this are evident in act 1 moving picture 1 and 2.

In Focus: Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Patient

For years, the existence and acceptance of c be for theories in different settings and aspects of complaint for course session has transformed the employment in diverse ways both here and abroad. The utilization of such theories has provided the encourage community with specific knowledge and ways to enhance and develop skills and attitudes of care for professionals in the practice of the profession. It has greatly helped in creating and sustaining our professional independence from the field of medicine by guiding our educational system, look methods and practice towards safe and tint care to patients (Marriner-Tomey, 1994 McLemore & Hill, 1965).The significance of studying treat theories does non end with the benefits it may serve the profession in general. It overly helps an individual, either a student or a breast feeding professional in several ways. An individual is able to develop critical thinking skills, able to differentiate values and hypotheses and able to drive out purpose of functions in relation to the scope of practice of the breast feeding profession (Kozier, Erb, & Oliviere, 1995).In line with this, this paper attempts to analyze and evaluate a relevant nursing conceptual ride authored by a renowned nurse theorist Faye Glenn Abdellah, using the J. Fawcetts Frame stimulate of Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing.Influenced by Virginia Hendersons 14 principles of nursing, Maslows hierarchy of contains and Erik Erickson stages of ontogenesis, Abdellah formulated her structural model with the goal of t for individually oneing and evaluating students and at the same measure emphasize the need to shape a bole of knowledge exclusive to our profession that will help in gaining independence from the control of the health check professiontowardpatient-centeredcare (Sigma Theta Tau International recognize fellowship of Nursing, 1998).Faye Glenn Abdellah authored the typology of 21 nursing problems which was i nitially published in the 1960 edition of Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing. Since its initial appearance, the typology had major impact on the nursing profession as closely as on the development of other nursing theories (Sigma Theta Tau International extol Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellahs typology of 21 nursing problems is a conceptual model which describes the of import concerns of nursing instead of linking different relationships into phenomena. The conceptual model is mainly concerned with patients needs and the role of nurses in problem identification using a problem-solving set about. Abdellahs work is classified under the nursing philosophy category in the intelligence that her work is based on analysis, rationalization, research and arranged argument instead of using experiential methods.Logically speaking, Abdellahs model can be described as inductive since she derived observations from previous studies which became the basis for her conceptualization. Phil osophical positments are said to be based on opinions, arguments or propositions of different concourse. These statements are not experimental in nature because such statements based on goal, traditions and/or values cannot be tested for its correctness or wrongness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).InanalyzingandevaluatingAbdellahstheory, herworkcannotbeseparatedfromthehistoricalbackgroundwheretheconceptualizationofthe21nursingproblemsstarted.Itwasinthemid-fiftieswhenthenursingprofessionfacedalotofdifficultiesarisingfromtherapid societal change and increasing demand for technological advancement. The methods and system used at that timedid not support and meet the demands of the rapid change thus creating a backlog in the nursing community. There was a lack of definition of nursing its focus, scope and limitations especially that healthcare delivery to patients is mainly based on achieving institutional goals rather than meeting patients needs. The present system did not assist both the stu dents and professionals in being attuned with the changes. Abdellah related this to the lack of scientific body of knowledge unique to the profession. That is why the formulation of the theory differentiated the practice of nursing from the practice of medicine emphasizing focus on 21 nursing problems that help patient in achieving state of wellness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah used the problem-solving approach in formulating the theory. She believes that a nurse should be able to identify and solve problems of patients in order to provide safe and quality care to patients. This identification of nursing problems, selection of data necessary to formulating and testing of interventions in assisting patient towards state of wellness closely resembles the nursing process. Abdellah pointed out that patients cannot receive quality care if the go are done improperly. In my opinion, Abdellahs approach is effective in the sense that the approach guarantees positive client response if th e steps are specifically and carefully executed. This approach also improves a nursing professional skills and attitude by enhancing problem-solving abilities through identification of nursing problems in meeting the needs of the patient (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellahs model includes four (4) fundamental concepts essential to nursing person, environment, health and nursing. The first major concept is the person. The concept of person is described as people having physical, physiological and sociological needs. In her conceptual model, the person or patient is the main reason for the existence of nursing. However, this is quite contradicting since the typology of 21 nursing problems lacks holism. The model entails that a person returns to an improved state only if by resolving each problem determine by a nursing professional. It lacks holism in the sense that the patient or person which, is considered as a whole is not greater than the sum of it parts represented by his problems ( Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Another major concept include in her theory is the concept of environment. This concept is the least conferred and least emphasized in her theory. This is mentioned limitedly in problem number 17. The model explains that the patient more ofttimes than not interrelate and act in response to the environment. It also explains that the nurse is also a part of the patients environment thus the nurse takes responsibility in making the environment conducive for restoration of health. Abdellah also states that environment is also the home and community from where the patient comes from that is why Abdellah emphasized the need to broaden our scope in identifying problems and not limit our scope in the hospital setting (Potter & Perry, 1993).The third concept is health. Abdellah discussed health as a state without illness. It is defined as a state without unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment. This is clearly exemplified in the list of 21 nursing problems. Abdellah also advocates holistic approach to patient-centered care and furthering the relevance of environmental factors in the concept of health (Potter & Perry, 1993).The last major concept is nursing. The concept of nursing is an essential particle of her writing. In her model, nursing is defined as provision of service to individuals and families therefore to society. It is mainly providing service to or for the patient or providing information that will significantly assist the patient in restoring health and alleviating impairment. Abdellah therefore viewed nursing as a helping profession (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998)..Although Abdellahs work provided a comprehensive meaning of the four major concepts, there are no statements in Abdellahs writing that states any direct relationships among the four concepts. for each one concept was only defined implicitly and no relational statements can be made out of it. The model is mainly concerned on de velopment of a unique body of knowledge, which is nursing, through which identification of nursing problems and utilization of the problem-solving approach assists patients in meeting their needs. The model is said to have limited concepts and is only presented in a structural list. After Abdellahs work has been published, her formulation of the 21 nursing problems has been a helpful tool in the areas of nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).In our nursing practice, Abdellahs typology of 21 nursing problems has helped nursing professionals in dealing with patient care in an orderly and well-structured manner. In using this typology, a nursing professional, with the problem-solving approach, is able to identify patients problems, plan for his care and implement nursing interventions for the identified problem in a scientific manner. This problem-solving method has transformed our practice as we attempt to focus our attention to the client himself rather than focus on clients medical condition which is more of the objective of the medical profession. Nursing professionals have also learned and understood the rationale behind each and every action we deliver to the client (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellahs work has also provided significant changes in the area of nursing research as well since her work is basically based on research too. Many theories have been developed since the introduction of Abdellahs work. The present nursing diagnosis classification system is presumed to be an outgrowth of this typology. This nursing philosophy continues to be a preferred basis of nursing studies at present (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Nursing education also benefited from Abdellahs work. As previously explained, there was a lack of scientific body unique to our profession that hindered our independence from the medical profession. Abdellahs work presented such unique body and gave the nursing profession a chance to come out of the control of the medical model. Gaining professional autonomy has helped the nursing community project a professional identity that has been widely accepted all over the world (Potter & Perry, 1993).Abdellahs nursing philosophy brings about nursing activities that meet not only clients needs but of the society as well in the long run if each goal is carefully achieved through the problem-solving approach making this nursing philosophy socially significant. Abdellahs work is socially significant because the 21 nursing problems stir relevant nursing actions that lead to the improvement and restoration of clients health status which in turn aids the client in resuming activities of nonchalant living increasing his productivity level thus benefiting the society (Potter & Perry, 1993).In conclusion, Abdellahs typology of 21 nursing problems remedied the predicaments faced by the profession in earlier times. It has helped give instruction and evaluate students competency through its formulation. It provided a means of gaining autonomy from the practice of medicine through the creation of a scientific body of knowledge unique to nursing.Abdellahs work is very straightforward and uncomplicated. It explicitly described the major concepts essential to nursing such as nursing itself, nursing problems and the problem-solving approach through which the problems can be intervened. The concepts of health, person and environment which are now included in the scope of nursing are also implied.The goals of this model vary but all are directed to affect nursing. The extensive goal of this model is to generally elicit positive transformation in nursing education while its subgoals would include providing a scientific basis for practice and a tool in evaluating students capacity and competency (McLemore & Hill, 1965).To date, Abellah did not only meet the goal of her work. Her work has also affected different aspects of nursing nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education in general. As emphasized in this paper, Abdellahs overall contribution to the body of nursing is the acquisition of professional autonomy and professional identity through the creation of the 21 nursing problems. Her problem-solving approach increases our assessment and critical-thinking skills needed in identifying clients concerns to properly plan, select and implement our healthcare. It also enhances and promotes nurse-patient interaction as we make patients the key focus of care instead of focusing on the disease process (Parascandola, 1994).Nursing has been practiced as profession for more than a century. The profession was based and on rules, concepts and experiences passed on by professionals to students. It was only in the advent of serious discussion and testing of theories that nursing has been established as a science. Through Abdellahs work and the d evelopment of other relevant nursing theories, we have proven that our profession can stand by itself and achieve our goals towards patient-centered care (Parascandola, 1994).ReferencesKozier, B., Erb, G., & Oliviere R. (1995). Fundamentals of nursing Concepts, process and practice (5th edn). Redwood City, Ca Addison-Wesley.Marriner-Tomey, S. (1994). Nursing theorists and their work (3rd edn). St. Louis Mosby.Parascandola, J. (1994). In Leadership in public health, women in the public health service. Retrieved January 26, 2007 from http//www.uic.edu/sph/chs/php/PUBLICATIONS/WOMEN%20IN%20THE%20PUBLIC%20HEALTH%20SERPotter, P. and Perry, S. (1993). Fundamentals of nursing Concepts, process and practice (3rd edn.) St. Louis C.V. MosbyMcLemore, D. & Hill, R. (1965). Role change and socialization in nursing.The Pacific Sociological Review, 8(1).Mullins, N. (1986). Mosbys Medical and Nursing Dictionary (2nd edn). St. Louis C.V. Mosby Company.Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of N ursing. (1998). Interview with Faye G. Abdellah on nursing research and health policy. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(3),215-219.

Labor Movement Development in Chile: 1990 to Present

chili con carne underwent a change in 1990 to a democratic form of government. As a result of this diversity to democracy, the labor movement within Chile has undergone massive development. As developments have been undergone, several areas of the labor movement have especially experienced change, including corporal bargaining, to a lower place the prior authoritarian rule of Augusto Pinochet, collective bargaining negotiations by labor units was strictly limited to initial wage readjustments, the time period for ostentationary adjustments, and the levels of inflation adjustments. (Frank, 2002) In his in-depth study of the labor movement in Chile, Professor Volker K. Frank explicitly states that the most important of all changes concerns the new law on collective bargaining.The reform that came about during the early 1990s involved a corporations last offer to a union and their rights to proceed with the business of their corporation base on the union reaction, as well as the ri ghts of the union to strike based on a corporation following certain criteria.Because the first reforms that force the labor movement in the early 1990s fell short, more reforms were enacted in the middle 1990s. Professor Frank explains that This new legislation envisions major changes that would so limit the employers abusive powers, which a very flexible labor market has given them in the first place. In this sense, unlike the first reform of 199092, this here and now one does move much more toward a protective labor market. (Frank, 2002)This major development in the labor movement is most chance upon because of the enhanced protection afforded the laborer by a government becoming more democratic.The labor movement in Chile is far more tangled than reforms to collective bargaining laws or limitations on abusive powers. By first analyzing those key changes, however, one can better understand the tremendous development Chile has indeed undergone.ReferenceFrank, V. K. (2002) The Labor Movement in Democratic Chile, 1990-2000. University ofNotre Dame Helen Kellogg Institute for International studies.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle of Bits, Pilani-Dubai Campus for the International Aerial Robotics Competition 2011

unman Aerial Vehicle of BITS, Pilani-Dubai Campus for the International Aerial Robotics Competition 2011 Saurabh Ladha, Deepan Kishore Kumar, Robin Singh ,Pavitra Bh eacha, Anant Mittal, Aditya Jain, Anshul Upreti, Prof. Dr. R. K. Mittal, Dr Anand Kumar Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Dubai Campus, Dubai, UAE ABSTRACT The Intelligent Flying Object for reconnaissance (IFOR) is an autonomous aerial vehicle that has been develop by BITS Pilani Dubai Campus students.The vehicle is capable of localizing itself using the SLAM algorithm, stabilize its attitude (pitch, roll and veering) and top using pelvic inflammatory disease dominances, plan course of studys around breastworks and voyage an unknown indoor environment with w altogether following pleader. In addition, it has been designed to be capable of pattern recognition which would change it to recognize images and signs. These features enable the IFOR to execute the 6th mission of the International Aerial R obotics Competition, which involves scanning an unknown indoor arena protected by laser barriers and cameras, bestrewn with obstacles, in the search for a specious drive. 1.INTRODUCTION The field of golemics is witnessing a paradigm shift in the operation and uptake of zombis. With robots becoming autonomous and intelligent day by day, their application and use has increased tremendously. Aerial robots specific altogethery have an edge over other autonomous vehicles due to its higher degrees of freedom in question and agile maneuverability. To tap these features and advance the applications and versatility of the quadrotor is the aim of the team up. 1. 1 Problem Statement The 6th mission of the IARC requires teams to infiltrate a military facility from which a flash drive has to be retrieved and replaced by a decoy.This flash drive is placed in the Office of the Chief of Security, identifiable by a ludicrous Arabic pattern. To reach this room, a vehicle must(prenominal) expl ore a maze of rooms avoiding randomly placed obstacles along its path. In addition it must likewise avoid detection by a camera and laser barriers placed within the arena. one time the target pen drive is run aground it must retrieve the object afterwards dropping a decoy in its place, the entire mission must be performed in under 10 minutes. 1. 2 Conceptual Solution Team IFOR bequeath be using a quadrotor as its aerial vehicle to execute the 6th mission.The vehicle will use wall following guidance to explore the maze, whilst a path planning governance shall continuosly scan the environment to plan optimum paths around obstacles. Localization in a global frame can be gracious using the SLAM algorithm, the step forwardput of which can be used by a sick Control musical ar freewheelment to Page 1 of 10 correct unintentional drift. The Image affect routine runs in parallel to find recognizable patterns in its surrounding. Ground Station Wi-? Fi 2. 4 GHz Hokuyo scanning laser range finder Camera Guidance, Navigation, Control -? Mission planner -? Wall following guidance -? Path planning ? Target retrieval -? Pattern matching CoreExpress breakout board Intel Atom Z530 Image recognition Analog 72 MHz pencil eraser Pilot Inertial Measurement Unit -? MEMS gyro sensors -? 3D magnetic compass -? 3 axis accelerometer ARM7 Microprocessor Stability Augmentation System -? Altitude hold -? carriage hold Motors Sonar Altimeter Figure of Overall form architecture 1. 3 Yearly Milest angiotensin-converting enzymes In the second year of the 6th Mission, Team IFOR intends to fly autonomously, navigate through the arena, and implement drift keep back, path planning and image processing(limited to recognition of the pen drive and signboards).SLAM will serve as a brute system for the IFOR to successfully run all other systems that are directly dependent on the localized coordinates. Flash drive retrieval mechanism will be developed in the following year. Page 2 of 10 2 . Air vehicle The team is using an off the shelf quadrotor from Ascending Technologies, the Asctec Pelican Quadrotor. The Pelican weighs about 980 g and has a payload capacity of 500 g, ideally retinued for covert missions. The Asctec Pelican quadrotor and the propeller action. 2. 1 Propulsion and lift system The quadrotor is a Vertical spoof and Landing (VTOL) rotorcraft which is propelled by four rotors.By appropriately changing the rotor speeds the quadrotor can pitch, roll or yaw. to each one of the four propellers produces a downward thrust about the centre of attention of the blades and a torque about the arm of the quadrotor. The quadrotor can be flown either in diamond configuration where the pitch axis is the diagonal of the quadrotor or in square configuration where the axis of the pitch is parallel to two adjacent propellers. If all the four propellers spun in identical directions and speeds, the quadrotor would yaw about its centre of mass.To stabilize this yaw, the two sets of propellers spin in opposite directions and balance the angular momentum generated by the other two propellers. Pitch, in a square configuration, is chance upond by reducing the speeds of two propellers (A and B) and increasing the speeds of the two propellers (C and D), this pitches the quadrotor in the direction of A and B. browse is achieved in a similar way, by increasing speeds of propellers A and D and reducing the speeds of B and D, this rolls the quadrotor in the direction of B and D. 2. 2 Guidance Navigation and Control Control The quadrotor, by nature, is an aerodynamically unstable system.It hence demands to be one that is mechatronic in nature with its dynamics being controlled by PID generated control signals. This automatically calls for the Page 3 of 10 implementation of a feedback system to monitoring device the quads deviations from the sought after response. The Asctec Pelican already has a PID controller implemented to control the attitude (pitch,r oll and yaw). The Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU) readings are used as inputs for these loops, in addition, yaw control also uses the inputs generated by the magentometer. 2. Stability Augmentation systems The instability of the quadrotor arises from the fact that the aerial vehicles dynamics are electronically varied, which leads to a delay for the mechanical system to answer due to inertial reasons. The commanded attitude is delivered by use of the PID loops already described. In addition we have also implemented an altitude PID controller which can be described as downstairs Altitude Output = Kc ? + 1& ? () +*(() ? +) ?- is the difference between the desired altitude and actual altitude . The MaxSonar LV sonar altimeter is used to for readings on the altitude.A drift control mechanism is also required since milligram imbalances in weight apart from other factors coif a quadrotor to drift unintentionally, the drift control is accomplished via a separate set of loo ps which can be described as follows Pitch Output Roll Output = Kc ? + + 1 ? + () +*(() ? + = Kc ?. + 1& ?. () +*(() ?. ) ?/ is the difference between desired pitch and actual pitch ? 0 is the difference between desired roll and actual roll Kc is the controller parameter, from which Kp (Kc * 1), Ki (Kc / Ti) and Kd (Kc ** ) set are obtained.The require the Zeigler Nicholls Tuning method was used to generate optimum values for Kp Ki and Kd. R(s) + Controller Gc(s) Measured Output System Input Process Gp (s) Control Output Sensor H (s) s transfer flow parameter Figure of control system architecture Page 4 of 10 The three loops described in this section are implemented on the Intel Atom board which is on board the vehicle. 2. 4 Navigation The quadrotor begins ascending and finds the window opening using feature detection. Once the window has been detected, the arena is infiltrated after fixing whether the camera is on or off.Once inside the arena, the qu adrotor moves soaked to the right wall and performs right wall following algorithm to explore the indoor arena. SLAM forms the base upon which the quadrotor extracts its local coordinates for adjusting drift of movement and also aligns itself with the wall to continue its navigation. The mission planner sets the direction in which the vehicle must move. 2. 5 SLAM The end point SLAM is an acronym for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping. SLAM is concerned with the problem of building a map of an unknown environment by a mobile robot while at the same time navigating the environment using the map.SLAM consists of multiple parts Landmark extraction, data association, state estimation, state update and landmark update. The team has developed a program that extracts data directly from the laser sensor and implements SLAM real-time using CoreSLAM libraries. CoreSLAM is a fully developed simple and in effect(p) algorithm, which can perform SLAM using data just from a laser sensor. Due to its computational simplicity, it can easily be used on-board the vehicle. It integrates laser information in its localization subsystem based on particle filter, using two main functions The scan o map distance function, which acts as the likelihood function used to test each state position hypothesis (particle) in the filter. The map update function, used to build the map as the robot is going forward. It uses a very simple Monte-Carlo algorithm to match the current scan with the map to get the updated (x,y) coordinates of the robot position estimate at all times during the mission. This localization is then provided to other higher-level modules such as drift control, path planning and mission planning. Page 5 of 10 2. evasion marge System The quadrotor though autonomous in its leak can also be manually commanded to abort the flight.A rubber eraser kill switch mechanism has been developed in order to attain this safety feature. The kill switch will override all other runn ing programs in the quadrotor and gradually reduce the halter to zero so that the quadrotor can land safely. The Pelican has a built in termination system in which, the vehicle lands the moment the transmitter falls out of range. This feature is used for Flight termination via a kill switch which shuts the transmitter off and hence causes the vehicle to land. . Payload 3. 1 Sensor suite 3. 1. 1 GNC Sensor Asctec 3D MAG is a triple axis magnetometer that determines the vehicles heading by measuring the earths magnetic field. A Hokuyo-Light Detection and Ranging Device is used to scan the environment for SLAM, navigation and obstacle avoidance. A SONAR altimeter is used to measure the altitude of the quadrotor. The quadrotors sensory system acknowledges an Inertial Measurement Unit comprising of a Triple axis accelerometer and a MEMS gyrometers. Each of these electronic components perform crucial role in the flight stability, control and navigation. . 2 Mission sensor 3. 2. 1Target identification The image processing module of the quadrotor is capable of detecting the blue LED which indicates whether the camera is on or off, this is accomplished via blob detection. In addition, it is also capable of detecting signboards using Optical Character Recognition. 3. 2. 2 Obstacle detection and Avoidance The threat avoidance system of the quadrotor is directly a subroutine of the Path planning module. This sub routine identifies obstacles, classifies them as threat if they are in the intended path of travel.On finding an obstacle in the scan, the algorithm proceeds to suitably finding a path that would avoid the obstacle with the minimum possible deviation from the original path. We define a safe distance(the safe distance is contingent on the aerial vehicles kinematics) from an obstacle and a minimum give the axeance width, a scanning range of ? degrees in front of the quadrotor is calculated to be sufficient to identify the existence of an obstacle. If in this scan ning angle range, a point is found to be in any case close to the quadrotor it is declared as an Page 6 of 0 obstacle. This is the point at which the growth algorithm takes over the navigation of the quadrotor. The growth algorithm and path planning are represented as follows Reduce each scan by ? , thereby growing every obstacle If adajecent points lie too close then reduce by secondary factor ? Considering the quadrotor to be a point calculate the longest free path Assign imporatnce factor to di? erent clear paths based on of deviaRon from original path and total length Yaw towards the set path and pitch forward Repeat unRl no obstacles are found 3. Communications The vehicle communicates with a base computer via an Xbee module over the Zigbee protocol in order to deliver telemetry data. The other communication links include a WiFi link to deliver real time video to the base station. Both of these links operate at 2. 4 Ghz. Finally, a safety pilot can take control over the vehicl e at any time using a Futaba radio controller operating at 72 Mhz. 3. 4 Power system The quadrotor is powered by an 11. 1V Lithium Polymer Battery. A power board is used to distribute power and communication lines to all motor controllers and other systems on board.This power board comprises of a switching power regulator to generate a stable Page 7 of 10 6V supply for the Auto Pilot board and a high power MosFET to switch current ON and OFF. 4. Operation 4. 1 Flight preparation Each flight test is performed with utmost precaution following the mentioned safety procedure which ensures a safe and smooth flight of the quadrotor. 4. 2 Checklist 1. Double Check LiPo stamp battery voltage using voltmeter. 2. Examine the propellers, safety mounts, nuts and screws for any damage. 3. Test communication link between the quadrotor and the Ground station 4.Enable safety pilot and check kill switch action before flight. 5. Check situation LEDs 4. 3 Man/Machine interface The Intel atom board w hich is on board the vehicle can be accessed via an LVDS display, this also allows other HMI devices like a mouse/keyboard to be connected. 5. Risk reduction 5. 1 Vehicle status Two status LEDs allow for a check on certain critical vehicle states. The Red LED blinking indicates that the sensors are being initialized and calibrated. Once the sensors are calibrated a green LED blinks rapidly indicating the flight control software is running. In case the battery voltage drops below under 9. volts a loud tone is emitted, with the beeping becoming faster as the voltage drops. 5. 2 Shock / Vibration isolation The Asctec Pelican is built on a carbon fiber frame which has a large value of Ultimate Tensile Strength that is it can withstand a large amount of touch on without necking. The quadrotor is also fitted with soft cushioning pads below the arms to ensure that any impact is cushioned. EMI/RFI Solutions Page 8 of 10 The quadrotors vital components that do non communicate wirelessly ar e wrapped with aluminum foil paper, which does not allow for Electromagnetic interference from the wireless devices.This simple solution is based on the article of belief of a Faradays cage. Sensitive components like these are also placed above all other devices. RFI is less in the vehicle as all the computation happens on board. Safety The IFOR is equipped with landing gear designed in a manner to deflect shock from the electronic system. The propellers are also covered, which ensures safety to both bystanders and the vehicle in case of a mishap. The ON/OFF switch on board is designed active low, so if for well-nigh reason the mechanical switch breaks or looses connection the vehicle will remain ON.However this mechanism is overridden by the safety kill switch. Modeling and Simulation The cognizance of the quadrotor was extensively tested for robustness before and after burning the codes onto the on board processor. Image processing was developed from scratch to meet the require ments of the competition. The PID controllers were tested on Lab View. Testing Device / Routine HOKUYO LIDAR SLAM Cameras Drift Control Conclusion BITS Pilani Dubai Campus had developed IFOR to become a fully autonomous quadrotor that will be able to successfully accomplish the tasks of the IARC.The IFORs intelligence system comprises of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping algorithm for the bot to get localize itself in its environment, achieve drift control using a simple PID controller on each of the pitch, roll and altitude controls, this ensures that the flight operation to be regular(a) without considerable oscillating variations. The navigation of the quadrotor is dependent on the wall following algorithm along with the mission planner. Obstacle avoidance ensures that indoor environments can be explored regardless of the Page 9 of 10 Testing Tested while running the intelligence software.Real time execution and experimentally determined accuracy of localization. Pre flight and On Flight testing for image processing Onboard as well off board testing for suitability to tuning presence of obstacles. Finally, image processing enables the quadrotor to scan for patterns, edges and symbols and make corresponding control outputs to maneuver the quadrotor to reach its target room with the flash drive. References 1) Johnson, E. N. and Schrage, D. P. , System Integration and Operation of a Research Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, AIAA Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information and Communication, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2004, pp. 18. Durrant-Whyte, H. Bailey, T. (2006). Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Part I The Essential Algorithms. Robotics and Automation Magazine 13 (2) 99110. Andrew J. Davison. real time simultaneous localization and mapping with International Conference on Computer V i s i o n ( I C C V 0 3 ) V o l u m e 2 , 2003. a single camera. Ninth IEEE 2) 3) 4) Chowdhary, G. V. and Johnson, E. N. , possibility and Flight Test Validation of Long Te rm Learning A d a p t i v e F l i g h t Controller, Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance Navigation and Control Conference, Honolulu, HI, 2008. 5) 6) Michelson, R. Rules for the International Aerial Robotics Competition 6th Mission, http//iarc. angelstrike. com/IARC_6th_Mission_Rules. pdf Hoffmann, G. M. , Huang, H. , Waslander, S. L. , Tomlin, C. J. (2007). Quadrotor Helicopter Flight Dynamics and Control Theory and Experiment. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit, 20(23), 1-? 20. Point Grey -? Imaging -? Firefly MV CMOS USB 2. 0 / FireWire Camera. (n. d. ). Point Grey CCD and CMOS digital Cameras for Industrial, Machine, and Computer Vision. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from http//www. ptgrey. com/products/fireflymv/index. asp 7) Page 10 of 10